Paper Shaper Stamp
Water Jet Cutter
History
In the 1950s, forestry engineer Norman Franz experimented with an early form of water jet cutter to cut lumber. However, the technology did not advance notably until the 1970s when Mohamed Hashish created a technique to add abrasives to the water jet cutter. Today the water jet is unparalleled in many aspects of cutting and has changed the way many products are manufactured. Many types of water jets exist today, including plain water jets, abrasive water jets, percussive water jets, cavitation jets and hybrid jets.
Operation
The cutter is commonly connected to a high-pressure water pump where the water is then ejected from the nozzle, cutting through the material by spraying it with the jet of high-speed water. Additives in the form of suspended grit or other abrasives, such as garnet and aluminum oxide, can assist in this process.
Benefits
An important benefit of the water jet cutter is the ability to cut material without interfering with the material’s inherent structure as there is no “heat-affected zone” or HAZ. Minimizing the effects of heat allows metals to be cut without harming or changing intrinsic properties.
Water jet cutters are also capable of producing rather intricate cuts in material. The kerf, or width, of the cut can be changed by changing parts in the nozzle, as well as the type and size of abrasive. Typical abrasive cuts are made with a kerf in the range of 0.04″ to 0.05″ (1.016 to 1.27 mm), but can be as narrow as 0.02″ (0.508 mm). Non-abrasive cuts are normally 0.007″ to 0.013″ (0.178 to 0.33 mm), but can be as small as 0.003″ (0.076 mm), which is approximately the size of a human hair. These small cutters can make very small detail possible in a wide range of applications.
Water jet is considered a “green” technology. Water jets produce no hazardous waste, reducing waste disposal costs. They can cut off large pieces of reusable scrap material that might have been lost using traditional cutting methods. Parts can be closely nested to maximize material use, and the water jet saves material by creating very little kerf. Water jets use very little water (a half gallon to approximately one gallon per minute depending on cutting head orifice size), and the water that is used can be recycled using a closed-looped system. Waste water usually is clean enough to filter and dispose of down a drain. The garnet abrasive is a non-toxic natural substance that can be recycled for repeated use. Garnet usually can be disposed of in a landfill. Water jets also eliminate airborne dust particles, smoke, fumes, and contaminates from cutting materials such as asbestos and fiberglass. This greatly improves the work environment and reduces problems arising from operator exposure.
Versatility
A water jet cutter creating a specialist tool
Because the nature of the cutting stream can be easily modified the water jet can be used in nearly every industry; there are many different materials that the water jet can cut. Some of them have unique characteristics that require special attention when cutting. Each material cut will have some unique characteristics that have to be taken into account.
Materials commonly cut with a water jet include rubber, foam, plastics, composites, stone, tile, metals, food, paper and much more. Materials that cannot be cut with a water jet are tempered glass, diamonds and certain ceramics.
Water jet cuts are not typically limited by the thickness of the material, and are capable of cutting materials over eighteen inches (45 cm) thick. The penetrating power of these tools has led to the exploration of their use as anti-tank weapons but, due to their short range and the advent of composite armour, research was discontinued.
Availability
Commercial water jet cutting systems are available from manufacturers all over the world, in a range of sizes, and with water pumps capable of a range of pressures. Typical water jet cutting machines have a working envelope as small as a few square feet, or up to hundreds of square feet. Ultra-high pressure water pumps are available from as low as 40,000 psi (276 MPa) up to 90,000 psi (621 MPa).
Process
There are six main process characteristics to water jet cutting:
Uses a high velocity stream of abrasive particles suspended in a stream of Ultra High Pressure Water (30,000 – 90,000 psi) which is produced by a water jet intensifier pump.
Is used for machining a large array of materials, including heat-sensitive, delicate or very hard materials.
Produces no heat damage to workpiece surface or edges.
Nozzles are typically made of sintered boride.
Produces a taper of less than 1 degree on most cuts, which can be reduced or eliminated entirely by slowing down the cut process.
Distance of nozzle from workpiece affects the size of the kerf and the removal rate of material. Typical distance is .125″.
Temperature is not as much of a factor.
Edge quality
Edge quality for water jet cut parts is defined with the numbers 1 through 5. Lower numbers indicate rougher edge finish; higher numbers are smoother. For thin materials, the difference in cutting speed for Quality 1 could be as much as 3 times faster than the speed for Quality 5. For thicker materials, Quality 1 could be 6 times faster than Quality 5. For example, 4 thick Aluminum Q5 would be 0.72 ipm (18 mm/min) and Q1 would be 4.2 ipm (107 mm/min), 5.8 times faster.
Multi-axis cutting
Main article: Multiaxis machining
A 5-Axis Waterjet Cutting Head
A 5-Axis Waterjet Part
With recent advances in control and motion technology, 5-axis water jet cutting (abrasive and pure) has become a reality. Where the normal axes on a water jet are named X (back/forth), Y(left/right) and Z (up/down), a 5-axis system will typically add an A axis (angle from perpendicular) and C axes (rotation around the Z-axis). Depending on the cutting head, the maximum cutting angle for the A axis can be anywhere from 55, 60, or in some cases even 90 degrees from vertical. As such, 5-axis cutting opens up a wide range of applications that can be machined on a water jet cutting machine.
A 5-axis cutting head can be used to cut 4-axis parts, where the bottom surface geometries are shifted a certain amount to produce the appropriate angle and the Z-axis remains at one height. This can be useful for applications like weld preparation where a bevel angle needs to be cut on all sides of a part that will later be welded, or for taper compensation purposes where the kerf angle is transferred to the waste material – thus eliminating the taper commonly found on water jet-cut parts. A 5-axis head can cut parts where the Z-axis is also moving along with all the other axis. This full 5-axis cutting could be used for cutting contours on various surfaces of formed parts.
Because of the angles that can be cut, part programs may need to have additional cuts to free the part from the sheet. Attempting to slide a complex part at a severe angle from a plate can be difficult without appropriate relief cuts.
References
^ About waterjets, archived from the original on 2010-02-13, http://www.webcitation.org/5nWaNTDGA, retrieved 2010-02-13.
^ “Company | Flow International Corporation”. Flowcorp.com. http://www.flowcorp.com/about-flow.cfm. Retrieved 2009-06-11.
^ a b “Company”. Jet Edge. http://www.jetedge.com/content.cfm?fuseaction=dsp_applications_101. Retrieved 2009-06-11.
^ “Company | WARDJet”. WARDJet.com. http://www.wardjet.com/learnmore.asp. Retrieved 2009-06-11.
^ “Jet Edge 90,000 PSI X-Stream Waterjet Intensifier Pump”. 2009-01-25. http://www.jetedge.com/content.cfm?fuseaction=dsp_products_detail&product_ID=120. Retrieved 2009-01-25.
^ “Company | Global Rebar Services”. grswaterjet.co.uk. http://www.grswaterjet.co.uk/pumps.html. Retrieved 2009-09-08.
^ “Waterjet Relationship Parameters”. http://www.wardjet.com/02-waterjet-relationship-parameters.html.
^ a b c “5-Axis Waterjet Cutting”. http://www.wardjet.com/5-axis.asp.
External links
Waterjets.org
How Water Jets Work, HowStuffWorks.com video
v d e
Metalworking
Tools
Cutting machines
Water jet cutter Band saw Cold saw Laser Miter saw Plasma
Cutting tools
Broach Burr Chisel Counterbore Countersink End mill File Guillotine shear Hand scraper Milling cutter Nibbler Reamer Throatless shear Tipped tool Tool bit
Forming tools
Brake Die English Wheel Flypress Hydraulic press Machine press Punch press Stamping press
Hand tools
Clamp Combination square Drift pin File card Hacksaw Hammer Hand scraper Machinist square Magnetic base Needlegun scaler Pipe and tube bender Pliers Punch Saw piercing Scriber Tap and die Tongs Vise Workbench Wrench
Machine tooling
Angle plate Chuck Collet Jig Fixture Indexing head Lathe center Machine taper Magnetic base Mandrel Rotary table Wiggler
Measuring instruments
Bore gauge Caliper Comparator Dial indicator Engineer’s blue Feeler Center gauge and fishtail gauge Gauge block Gauge Go-NoGo Machinist square Marking blue Marking gauge Marking out Micrometer Radius gauge Scale Sine bar Spirit level Straightedge Surface plate Tape measure Thread pitch Height gauge Vernier scale Wiggler
Smithing tools
Anvil Forge Fuller Hardy hole Hardy tools Pritchel Slack tub Steam hammer Swage block Trip hammer
Casting Fabrication Forming Jewellery Machining Metallurgy Smithing Tools & Terminology Welding
v d e
Types of tools
Cutting tools
Blade Bolt cutter Broach Ceramic tile cutter Chisel Coping saw Countersink Diamond blade Diamond tool Drill bit Endmill File Fretsaw Froe Glass cutter Grater Hacksaw Hand saw Knife Milling cutter Miter saw Pipecutter Plane Razor Reamer Saw Scalpel Scissors Slasher Surform Switchblade Tap and die Tool bit Utility knife Water jet cutter Wire cutter Wire stripper
Garden tools
Adze Axe Billhook Bow saw Cultivator Earth auger Edger Garden fork Garden hose Garden trowel Hedge trimmer Hoe Hori hori Irrigation sprinkler Lawn aerator Lawn mower Lawn sweeper Leaf blower Loppers Machete Mattock Pickaxe Pitchfork Plough (plow) Pruning shears (secateurs) Rake Roller Rotary tiller Scythe Sickle Spade Splitting maul String trimmer
Hand tools
Block plane BNC inserter/remover Brace Bradawl Breaker bar Broom Brush Card scraper Caulking gun Clamp Crimping pliers Crowbar Fish tape Hammer Hawk Hex key Locking pliers Mallet Miter box Nut driver Pipe wrench Pliers Punch Punch down tool Putty knife Ratchet Scratch awl Screwdriver Sledgehammer Sponge Squeegee Staple gun Stitching awl Torque wrench Trowel Upholstery hammer Wrench (spanner)
Machine tools
Broaching machine Drill press Gear shaper Grinding machine Hobbing machine Jig borer Lathe Metalworking lathe Milling machine Planer Screw machine Shaper Turret lathe
Power tools
Angle grinder Band saw Belt sander Chainsaw Chop saw Circular saw Concrete saw Crusher Die grinder Drill Glue gun Grinding machine Heat gun Impact wrench Jigsaw Jointer Nail gun Radial arm saw Random orbital sander Reciprocating saw Rotary tool Router table Sander Scroll saw Soldering gun Soldering iron Table saw Thickness planer Wood router Wood shaper
Measuring &
Alignment tools
Caliper Jig Micrometer Pencil Plumb-bob Ruler Sliding T bevel Spirit level Square Tape measure
Other
Antique tools Halligan bar Kelly tool Ladder Thau claw Toolbox Vise Workbench
Categories: Cutting machines | Metalworking cutting tools | Woodworking machinesHidden categories: Articles needing cleanup from February 2009 | All pages needing cleanup | Articles needing additional references from February 2009 | All articles needing additional references
About the Author
I am Frbiz Site writer, reports some information about fuel accumulator , alfa romeo 164 parts.
Papermania Ornate Stamps
|
|
2pc Snowflake Paper Shaper Stamp Punch for Card Making HQ $0.99 |
|
|
2pc Snowflake Paper Shaper Stamp Punch for Card Making $0.99 |
|
|
Card Gift Leaf Paper Shaper Stamp Punch Scrapbooking $0.99 |
|
|
2pc Paper Shaper Stamp Punch Scrapbooking – Snowflake $0.99 |
|
|
Paper Shapers Five Piece Punch and Stamp $19.99 |
|
|
Paper Shapers Five Piece Punch and Stamp $19.99 |
|
|
Crab Ocean Paper Shaper Stamp Punch Scrap Booking 1.5cm $5.99 |
|
|
Frog Paper Shaper Stamp Punch Scrap Scrapbooking 1.5cm $5.99 |
|
|
Rabbit Paper Shaper Stamp Punch Scrap Booking 1.5cm $5.99 |
|
|
COW Card Scrapbook Paper Punch Craft Stamp Shaper New $3.67 |
|
|
Stampin’ Up! EK Success Paper Shaper Paper Punches new $23.99 |
|
|
Beetle Car Paper Shaper Stamp Punch Scrapbooking 1.5cm $5.99 |
|
|
Snowflake Paper Shaper Stamp Punch Scrapbooking 1.5cm $5.99 |
|
|
136 Piece Lot Ek Success Paper Shapers Clear Stamps Set $30.00 |
|
|
Steam Train Paper Shaper Stamp Punch Scrapbooking 1.5cm $5.99 |
|
|
Autumn Leaves Stampology Love is i the air Clear stamps& Paper shapers ABC stam $4.00 |
|
|
Leaf Craft Punch Scrapbook Stamp Paper Shaper Red Oak HTF 364,411 $14.99 |
|
|
2pc Paper Shaper Stamp Punch Scrapbooking – Snowflake $1.99 |
|
|
Butterfly Paper Shaper Stamp Punch Scrapbooking 1.5cm $5.99 |
|
|
REPACE PAPER SHAPER PAD use/w shaper PAPER BUNCH PUNCH & rubber stamp cards $2.99 |
|
|
1.75″ Circle Nesting Punch Paper Shapers – EK Success $12.99 |
|
|
Paper Shaper Embossives Small-Funky Heart $8.00 |
|
|
EK Success Paper Shapers Punch & Stamp-Black-Eyed Susan $20.00 |
|
|
2pc Snowflake Paper Shaper Stamp Punch for Card Making $6.59 |
|
|
Card Gift Leaf Paper Shaper Stamp Punch Scrapbooking $3.91 |
|
|
EKSuccess Paper Shapers Clear Stamp Set Events 18 stamps! $5.99 |
|
|
Smile Face Paper Shaper Stamp Punch wedding Card Making $3.78 |
|
|
DIY Craft Paper Shaper Stamp Punch Scrapbooking – Angel $5.69 |
|
|
Smile Face Paper Shaper Stamp Punch wedding Card Making $5.49 |
|
|
Christmas Tree Stamp Punch Scrapbook Craft Paper Shaper $4.34 |
|
|
DIY Craft Paper Shaper Stamp Punch Scrapbooking – Angel $3.78 |
|
|
Mini Leaf Stamp Punch Scrapbook DIY Craft Paper Shaper $5.49 |
|
|
Mini Leaf Stamp Punch Scrapbook DIY Craft Paper Shaper $5.49 |
|
|
PAPER SHAPER use with PAPER PUNCH BUNCH PUNCH & use with rubber stamp cards $7.99 |
|
|
Maple Leaf Paper Shaper Stamp Punch Scrapbooking 1.5cm $5.99 |
|
|
Palm Tree Paper Shaper Stamp Punch Scrapbooking 1.5cm $5.99 |
|
|
Footprint Paper Shaper Stamp Punch Scrapbooking 1.5cm $5.99 |
|
|
Helicopter Paper Shaper Stamp Punch Scrapbooking 1.5cm $5.99 |
|
|
Ant Insect Paper Shaper Stamp Punch Scrap Booking 1.5cm $5.99 |
|
|
Mni Ant Paper Shaper Stamp Punch Craft Scrapbooking New $1.89 |
|
|
2pc Paper Shaper Stamp Punch Scrapbooking – Snowflake $1.99 |
|
|
2pc Snowflake Paper Shaper Stamp Punch for Card Making $6.59 |
|
|
Christmas Tree Stamp Punch Scrapbook Craft Paper Shaper $5.59 |
|
|
Card Gift Leaf Paper Shaper Stamp Punch Scrapbooking $5.69 |
|
|
Paper Shaper Embossives Small-Flower $9.02 |
|
|
Paper Shaper Embossives Small-Butterfly $8.00 |
|
|
Paper Shapers Medium Punch $8.99 Retro FlowerEK SUCCESS-Paper Shapers Medium Punch. Paper Shapers punches are simple to use and gentle on your hands; a press of the thumb produces sharp cutout images every time! Approximate size of punched out shape: 1/2in. Punch measures 1-3/4×1-3/4×3-1/2in. Imported…. |
|
|
Paper Shapers Small Punch $4.49 Flower PowerEK SUCCESS-Paper Shapers Small Punch. Paper Shapers punches are simple to use and gentle on your hands; a press of the thumb produces sharp cutout images every time! Punched designs measure between 5/16in and 1/2in. Punches measure 1-1/4×2-3/8x1in. Imported…. |
|
|
Papers Shapers Medium Nesting Punch Circle .75EK SUCCESS-Paper Shaper Medium Nesting Punches. These punches provide an easy way to make perfect shapes for all your scrapbook; card making and craft projects. These punches are available in assorted shapes and sizes and all feature a punch lever that is gentle on your hands. Use both positive and negative punched out pieces to create matting areas for photos or journaling. Punch is bla… |
Comments Off